Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zopangidwa ndi mphira ziyenera kuumbidwa kudzera mu nkhungu yofananira yopangira mphira, chinthu cha mphira pambuyo pa kutentha kwambiri, kuthamanga kwamphamvu, kuchokera ku nkhungu kapena pachimake cha nkhungu amadziwika kuti kumasulidwa kwa nkhungu. Kuwonongeka koyipa ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zofunika pakuwonongeka kwa zinthu za raba komanso kukhudzidwa kwa kupanga bwino. Zitha kuyambitsa zolakwika monga kupotoza ndi kung'ambika kwa ziwalo, ndipo zina zimatha kuwononga nkhungu, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta kupanga bwino. Kuwerenga zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimakhudza kugwetsedwa kwa zinthu za mphira ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zili bwino, kupewa zolakwika, kupewa kuwonongeka, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito.

1. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kugwetsedwa kwa zinthu za rabara

Kusaphwanyika bwino kwa zinthu za labala kumatanthauza kuti mankhwalawo akatulutsidwa, sangagwe bwino. Izi zimayambitsidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zokopa, zinthuzi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pokhudzana ndi wina ndi mzake, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chikoka ndi kufotokozera kumakhala kosiyana, makamaka kuphatikizapo kupanga mapangidwe a mphira, kupanga nkhungu ndi kupanga, kupanga, kupanga, njira yogwiritsira ntchito, kukonza nkhungu, ndi zina zotero.

1.1 Mphamvu ya kapangidwe kazinthu za rabara pakutulutsidwa kwa nkhungu

Mapangidwe a zinthu za mphira amakhudza mwachindunji kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu, kotero mapangidwe azinthu ayenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kugwetsa kosavuta kwa zinthu. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza kugwetsa pamapangidwe a mankhwalawa ndi malo otsetsereka, kuti mutsegule nkhungu ndikutulutsa mankhwalawo, mawonekedwe amkati ndi akunja a gawo logawanika lolunjika ayenera kuperekedwa ndi malo otsetsereka okwanira. Ngakhale kuti mankhwala ena ali ndi malo otsetsereka, mtengo wake ndi wochepa kwambiri, ndipo zinthu zina zimakhala ndi malo otsetsereka akunja, kunyalanyaza kutsetsereka kwa mkati ndi nthiti zamkati ndi kupirira; Zogulitsa zina zilibe otsetsereka konse, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta pakuwongolera kwazinthu. Pambuyo pophika, centripetal shrinkage imachitika chifukwa cha kuzizira kwa mankhwala, omwe amapanga mphamvu yaikulu yogwira pachimake kapena pini, zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwetsa. Ngati otsetsereka akuchulukirachulukira, kukana uku kumatha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo zolakwika monga kung'ambika kwa mankhwala chifukwa chosowa otsetsereka zitha kupewedwanso. Malo otsetsereka amagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe a chinthucho, nthawi zambiri amatsimikiziridwa mwamphamvu, ndipo kutsetsereka kwazinthu zonse kumakhala pakati pa 1 ° ~ 3 °.

1.2 Mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka nkhungu ndi kupanga pakumasulidwa kwa nkhungu

1.2.1 Mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka nkhungu pakumasulidwa kwa nkhungu

Mphira nkhungu ndi chimodzi mwa zida waukulu kwa kupanga mankhwala mphira, nkhungu kukanikiza mfundo akhoza kugawidwa mu nkhungu jekeseni, kufa kuponyera nkhungu, kukanikiza nkhungu kapangidwe ndi malinga ndi mawonekedwe, makhalidwe ndi ntchito zofunika za mankhwala, malinga ndi mankhwala omwewo mphira kupanga zisamere nkhungu zingapo za nyumba zosiyanasiyana. Kapangidwe ka nkhungu mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi khalidwe la mankhwala, dzuwa kupanga, nkhungu processing zovuta ndi moyo utumiki. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wamapangidwe a nkhungu ndizofunikira kwambiri. Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti zopangira mphira zili ndi geometry yolondola komanso kulondola kwamitundu ina, kapangidwe kake ka nkhungu kayenera kutsatira mfundo izi:

(1) Phunzirani ndikumvetsetsa kuuma, kuchepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zofunikira zazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga mphira.

(2) Onetsetsani mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a chinthucho.

(3) Mapangidwe a nkhungu ayenera kukhala osavuta komanso omveka, malo ake ayenera kukhala odalirika, kukhazikitsa ndi kusokoneza kuyenera kukhala kosavuta, komanso kukhala kosavuta kugwira ntchito.

(4) Chiwerengero cha zibowo nkhungu ndi yoyenera, amene ndi yabwino Machining ndi nkhungu ntchito, ndipo ayenera kuganizira kupanga bwino.

(5) Chikombolecho chiyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira ndi zolimba, ndikuyesetsa kuti zikhale zazing'ono, zopepuka kulemera, zosavuta kukonza, komanso zogwirizana ndi kupanga.

(6) Mphepete mwa nkhungu iyenera kukhala yabwino kukweza ndi kutulutsa katunduyo, ndipo pamene vulcanizing, zinthu za rabara ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira.

(7) Chikombolecho chiyenera kukhala ndi kulondola kwina, kutsirizitsa ndi kulekanitsa koyenera, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kudula.

(8) Chikombolecho chiyenera kukhala ndi poyambira mphira wosweka kuti aziyeretsa.

(9) Mapangidwe a nkhungu akuyenera kugwirizana ndi kusanja ndi kukhazikika, ndikuyesetsa kusinthasintha bwino.

Kuchokera pazofunikira pakupanga nkhungu, zitha kuwoneka kuti zinthu zomwe zikukhudza kugwetsa kwa zinthu zikuphatikizapo kuuma kwa nkhungu, kukana kwa nkhungu, makina otulutsa, etc.

1.2.1.1 Kuuma kwa nkhungu

Mitundu ya mphira nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito nkhungu zophatikizika, chifukwa chake pamakhala zosokoneza kapena zopingasa mu nkhungu. Popanga, pansi pa mphamvu ya clamping kapena kukakamizidwa kwa jekeseni, mbali za nkhungu zimakhala zosavuta kusinthika, ndipo nkhungu ikatsegulidwa, zopindikazi zimabweretsa kukangana pakati pazitsulo ndi zitsulo. Ngati kubwezeredwa kwa zotanuka kuli kwakukulu, kumapangitsanso mphamvu yotulutsa pakati pa mphira ndi nkhungu pamwamba, kukakamiza pakati pa chimango kukhala arc, ndipo zinthu za rabara zimatulutsidwa kuchokera pamsoko wopindika. Zotsatira zake, kukana kutsegulira kwa nkhungu kumawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwetsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chinthucho ching'ambe, ndipo ngakhale nkhungu ichotsedwe (nthawi zambiri mankhwalawa amakhala ndi zitsulo zamafupa). Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka nkhungu kuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mbali zowumbidwazo zimakhala zolimba mokwanira.

1.2.1.2 Kukaniza kuwononga

Pamene mankhwala akugwetsedwa, m`pofunika kugonjetsa nkhungu kutsegula kukaniza ndi ejection kukana. Zambiri mwazowonongeka zamtundu wazinthu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kumasulidwa koyipa kwa nkhungu zimakhudzana ndi izi. Kukaniza kwa ejection makamaka kumachokera ku mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala mpaka pachimake, kuphatikizapo mphamvu yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi kuchepa, extrusion, kugwirizana ndi kukangana pakati pa mphira ndi zitsulo. Mphamvu izi zimawonjezera kapena zimaphatikizidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti zikhudze kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwalawa.

1.2.1.3 Njira yotulutsa

The ejection limagwirira mwachindunji zimakhudza zotsatira ejection, ndi demoulding ejector ndodo zambiri anaika pa malo apakati nkhungu, ndi mtanda gawo la demoulding ejector ndodo sayenera kukhala yaing'ono kwambiri, pofuna kupewa mopitirira muyeso mphamvu pa unit dera, n'zosavuta kupanga mankhwala woonda pamwamba yopuma kapena mankhwala ndi zitsulo chigoba mapindikidwe. Popanga zinthu zokhala ndi dera lalikulu komanso zolemetsa zolemetsa, kuti mupewe kukangana kwakukulu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa ejection kapena kupindika kwa ndodo ya ejector, nkhungu ya nkhungu iyenera kukhala ndi chipika chowongolera cha pafupifupi ¢ 100mm, kapena kupitilira apo, ikani nkhungu yolumikizira ndodo, koma iyenera kukhala yolinganiza.

1.2.2 Mphamvu ya kupanga nkhungu pakumasulidwa kwa nkhungu

Pa kupanga nkhungu ndondomeko, patsekeke, pachimake pamwamba roughness, ndi kusiyana mating pamwamba pa amaika dongosolo ayenera mosamalitsa kufufuzidwa, apo ayi zingakhudze nkhungu kumasulidwa kwa mankhwala. Kusiyana pakati pa kuyikapo ndi malo okwererako ndiakulu kwambiri, mphira amakhala ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi akatenthedwa, ndipo mphirayo ndi wosavuta kufinya panthawi yodzaza nkhungu, ndikupanga kung'anima kwakuda, komwe kumalepheretsa kugwetsa ndi mawonekedwe azinthu. Kuonjezera apo, pazitsulo zakuya zokhala ndi mipanda yopyapyala, pamene zichotsedwa, vacuum imapangidwa pamwamba pa gawo ndi pachimake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwetsa. Chifukwa chake, nkhungu ikapangidwa, pachimake payenera kukhala ndi mabowo oyenera olowera mpweya kapena pachimake pamwamba pake ndizovuta (popanda kukhudza mtundu wa chinthucho), zomwe zimathandizira kutulutsa nkhungu.

1.3 Chikoka cha magawo opangira zinthu pakumasulidwa kwa nkhungu

Zopangira zopangira zimagwirizana ndi zolakwika zamtundu wazinthu, zomwe jekeseni wa jekeseni, kukakamiza kukakamiza, kutentha kwa vulcanization, zomatira, nthawi ya vulcanization, ndi zina zotero zimakhudza kwambiri kugwetsa. Kuthamanga kwa jekeseni kukakwera kwambiri, kumayambitsa kusinthika kwa ziwalo za nkhungu ndikuyambitsa mphamvu ya extrusion. Ngati nthawi yogwirayo ndi yayitali kwambiri, kupanikizika kwa nkhungu kumawonjezeka, zomwe zingapangitse kuti mphamvu ya shear ndi kupanikizika kwa ma molekyulu kuchuluke. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mphamvu yojambulira jekeseni yokakamiza imakhala yochuluka kwambiri ndipo nthawi yayitali kwambiri, yomwe imayambitsanso kudzaza kwa ndondomekoyi, kutulutsa kupanikizika kwakukulu kwa mkati, komanso kumayambitsa kusinthika kwa ziwalo za nkhungu kapena kung'anima pakati pa malo okwerera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusokoneza kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Vulcanization kutentha, mphira okhutira mlingo, vulcanization nthawi zikugwirizana ndi shrinkage mlingo wa mphira, mphira vulcanized n'zosavuta kubweretsa kubwerera ku chodabwitsa choyambirira pa kutentha, lalikulu shrinkage mlingo wa mphira pambuyo vulcanization, mosemphanitsa, shrinkage yaing'ono. Kukwera kwamtengo wa rabara, kuchulukira kwamphamvu, kutsika kwa mphira, kuchepa kwa mphira, kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono, nthawi yayitali ya vulcanization, kuchuluka kwa kulumikizana, kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono, nthawi yaying'ono ya vulcanization, nthawi yaying'ono yolumikizirana, kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono ndi kwakukulu, ndipo kutsika kwanthawi yayitali ndi kutsika kwakukulu, kapena kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kumakhala kwakukulu. per-vulcanization, ndipo mlingo wocheperako wocheperako ndi waukulu pokhapokha pamalo abwino a vulcanization, ndipo mphamvu yogwira nkhungu yokhala ndi chigawo chovuta komanso choyikapo chimakhala chachikulu, chomwe sichiyenera kugwetsa mankhwala.

1.4 Mphamvu ya njira yogwirira ntchito pakutulutsa nkhungu

Mitundu yopangidwa bwino, monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphira womwewo ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira, chifukwa cha luso la opareshoni ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, kumasulidwa komwe kumapezeka kumasiyananso. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kudziwa bwino ndikuwongolera njira yopangira zinthu kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino. Nazi njira zingapo zomasulira zomveka:

(1) Kubowola pamanja ndi imodzi mwa njira zopangira mphira kuti zitulutse zinthu kuchokera pabowo la nkhungu ndi pachimake cha nkhungu, zomwe ndizoyenera magawo ang'onoang'ono osiyanasiyana ndi zinthu za mphira zolimba kwambiri.

(2) Kuboola kwamakina kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma jekeseni, zisankho zakufa ndi zinthu zina zazikulu za mphira.

(3) Kuboola mpweya ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito kapu yoponderezedwa ya mpweya kapena vacuum suction kuti mutenge zinthu, mbali yake yayikulu ndi: kufewetsa mawonekedwe a nkhungu, kufupikitsa nthawi yotsegulira ndi kutseka, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito.

(4) Deformation demolding makamaka ntchito elasticity ndi elongation wabwino wa mphira, ntchito psinjika mokakamiza kapena elongation mapindikidwe, kuti apeze kugwetsa kwenikweni.

(5) Nkhungu pachimake kugwetsa ndi kugogoda kunja kapena kukanikiza pakati nkhungu pachimake pamene demokalase, ndiyeno kutsegula nkhungu kuti demo, amene amathandiza kuonetsetsa ubwino wa mankhwala ndi zotsatira demolding.

(6) Insert demolding ndi yoyenera kwa zovuta kwambiri kapena zinthu zokhala ndi zoyikapo.

1.5 Mphamvu ya kukonza nkhungu pakumasulidwa kwa nkhungu

Awiri a nkhungu ndi dongosolo wololera, kuti atalikitse moyo utumiki wake ndi kuonetsetsa mankhwala khalidwe, kuwonjezera pa ntchito mosamala, muyenera kulabadira kukonza nkhungu. Pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito nkhungu, zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kufufuzidwa:

(1) Kaya nkhungu ndi yopunduka, makamaka nkhungu kapena chimango. Pambuyo popunduka nkhungu, sizothandiza kugwetsa zinthu za rabara ndi mafupa achitsulo kapena kuuma kwakukulu.

(2) Kaya pali kumasuka komanso kukokera tsitsi pagawo lokweretsa. Padzakhala mipata ndi zizindikiro pamene nkhungu imakhala yotayirira ndikukoka, ndipo pambuyo pofinyidwa mphira, zimakhala zovuta kumasula nkhungu, ngakhale kung'amba mankhwala.

(3) Kaya malowo ndi odalirika. Mphuno ya nkhungu nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi ma tempuleti angapo ophatikizidwa, ndipo malo olakwika angayambitse mipata kapena kusintha kwa nkhungu.

(4) Kaya pamwamba pa nkhungu pabowo ndi yosalala komanso momwe zinthu ziliri. Pambuyo pa nkhungu yachita dzimbiri kapena kuipitsidwa, kukangana kwakukulu kumapangidwa panthawi yobowola, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kugwetsa kwa mankhwala.

(5) Kaya zosunthika zofananira pachimake ndi zida za ejector mu nkhungu zatha.

Ngati pali mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa, nkhungu iyenera kukonzedwa, kutsukidwa, kutetezedwa ndi dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero.

2 Kusamala

Zomwe zili pamwambazi zikuwunikira mphamvu za zinthu zosiyanasiyana pakugwetsa zinthu, ndikuyika patsogolo njira zofananira pazifukwa zilizonse. Njira zazikulu zopewera kutulutsa bwino kwa nkhungu zitha kukhazikitsidwa motere:

(1) Mapangidwe ake ndi osavuta kugwetsa, ndipo payenera kukhala malo otsetsereka okwanira.

(2) Mapangidwe a nkhungu ndi omveka, ndipo kuuma kwa nkhungu kumawongolera momwe zingathere.

(3) Dziwani momveka bwino magawo opangira.

(4) Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito ya ogwira ntchito.

(5) Samalani ndi kukonza nkhungu.

(6) Chepetsani kukangana ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera yotulutsa nkhungu.

(7) Sankhani njira yoyenera komanso yoyenera ya viscosity.