Bitandukanye na thermoplastique, elastomers ikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwubushyuhe kandi hejuru yubushyuhe bwikirahure (Tg). Ibyiza bya elastomers kurenza thermoplastique nubushobozi bwabo bwo gukira hafi ya reta ya tensile (high elastique), hamwe nubusanzwe muri rusange, gukomera gukomeye hamwe na modulus nkeya. Iyo elastomers ikoreshwa munsi yubushyuhe bwicyumba, irerekana kwiyongera mubukomere, kwiyongera kwa modulus, no kugabanuka kwa elastique. Iyo elastomers ikoreshwa munsi yubushyuhe bwicyumba, harikibazo cyo gukomera kwiyongera, modulus yo kwiyongera, elastique yo kugabanuka (tensile nkeya) hamwe no kwikuramo byiyongera. Ukurikije ikibazo cya elastomer, ibintu bibiri bishobora kubaho icyarimwe - gukomera kwikirahure no korohereza igice - CR, EPDM, NR ni ingero zimwe na zimwe za elastomeri zerekana kristu.
1. Incamake yo gupima ubushyuhe buke
Ubukonje, kwikuramo guhindagurika guhoraho, gusubira inyuma, gukomera no gukomera kwa kirogenike byakoreshejwe imyaka myinshi murwego rwo kuranga polimeri kubushyuhe buke. Kuruhuka guhagarika umutima ni shyashya kandi byibanda ku kumenya imbaraga zifunga ibintu mugihe runaka mubihe bidukikije.
2. Ubushyuhe bukabije
ASTM D 2137 isobanura ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe nkubushyuhe bwo hasi aho reberi y’ibirunga itazerekana kuvunika cyangwa guturika mugihe cyihariye cy’ingaruka. Ibikoresho bitanu bya reberi byerekana imiterere yabanje kugenwa byateguwe, bigashyirwa mu cyumba cyangwa mu buryo bworoshye, bigashyirwa ku bushyuhe bwagenwe bwa 3 ± 0.5min, hanyuma bigahabwa umuvuduko w’ingaruka za 2.0 ± 0.2m / s. Ingero zavanyweho kandi zigira ingaruka cyangwa ikizamini cyo guturika. Icyitegererezo cyakuweho kandi gipimwa ku ngaruka cyangwa kuvunika, byose nta byangiritse. Ikizamini cyagarutsweho kugeza ku bushyuhe bukabije - ubushyuhe bwo hasi butabonetse kuvunika bwari hafi ya 1 ° C.
3. Kugabanuka Ubushyuhe Buke Gushiraho no Gukomera Ubushyuhe Buke
Uburyo bwo kwipimisha ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwogushiraho ni hafi cyane yubushakashatsi busanzwe, usibye ko ubushyuhe bugenzurwa nuburyo bumwe na bumwe bwingufu, nk'urubura rwumye, azote yuzuye, cyangwa uburyo bwa mashini, kandi agaciro kari muri ± 1 ° C yubushyuhe bwateganijwe. Nyuma yo gukira kuva murwego, icyitegererezo nacyo gishyirwa mubushyuhe buke bwateganijwe hanyuma bugahinduka kuri diameter ya mm 29 n'ubugari bwa mm 12,5. Ubushyuhe buke bwo gushiraho ni uburyo butaziguye bwo gufunga porogaramu zivanze. Kwiruhura guhagarika umutima nuburyo butaziguye kandi bizaganirwaho nyuma. Gukomera k'ubushyuhe buke nabwo mubisanzwe bigenwa hifashishijwe urugero rwo kwikuramo ibishishwa (29mm x 12.5mm), ariko byongeye kugeragezwa kubushyuhe buke, ibyo bikaba bisa nkibya compression yashizweho, hanyuma nanone mubushyuhe bumwe nubushyuhe bwashyizweho. Gukomera no kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe buke byatewe no gukonjeshwa, ariko nanone bitewe na polymer yo korohereza, hamwe nigipimo cya kristalisiti biterwa nubushyuhe, urugero, CR irahita yihuta cyane -10 ° C, hanyuma ikagabanuka kubushyuhe buke, cyane cyane bitewe nubudahangarwa bwibice byurunigi rwa polymer (iminyururu ya molekile ikonja mbere yoguhindura).
4. Gehman Gukomera Ubushyuhe Buke
ASTM D 1053 isobanura uburyo bwo gukonjesha ubushyuhe buke kuburyo bukurikira: urukurikirane rwimiterere ya polymer ya elastike ihujwe neza nuruzitiro rufite icyerekezo kizwi cya torsional, kandi urundi ruhande rwumugozi rwometse kumutwe wa torsion ushoboye kwemerera insinga kugoreka. Ibigereranyo byinjijwe muburyo bwo guhererekanya ubushyuhe ku bushyuhe bwihariye buri munsi yubusanzwe, icyo gihe umutwe wa torsion uhindurwe na 180 °, hanyuma ingero zigorekwa numubare (uri munsi ya 180 °) uterwa ninyuma yimiterere yikigereranyo no gukomera. Noneho koresha ingano ya goniometero kugirango umenye ingano yikigereranyo, inguni ya twist hamwe nuburemere bwibikoresho bya reberi. Ubushyuhe bwa sisitemu bwiyongera buhoro buhoro kuriyi ngingo, kandi ikibanza cyinguni ihindagurika nubushyuhe kiraboneka. Ubushyuhe aho modulus igera kuri T2, T10, na T100 mubisanzwe byandikwa nkibingana na modulus kubushyuhe bwicyumba.
5. Kugabanya Ubushyuhe Buke (TR Test)
Ikizamini cya TR gikoreshwa mugusuzuma ubushobozi bwikigereranyo muri reta ihindagurika mugihe ihindagurika rihoraho rihoraho hamwe no kugabanya ihungabana ryikigereranyo bigenwa nihungabana rikoreshwa mukumenya ingaruka zubushyuhe buke. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, polymers nyinshi nka NR na PVC zizajya zitondagura ubushyuhe buke, ariko kurambura birashobora no gutobora, biganisha ku bintu byiyongera mugihe urebye ubushyuhe buke. Kubisuzuma bisabwa nko guhagarika ibicuruzwa, TR munsi ya tension irakwiriye kandi ikoreshwa kenshi. Muri iki kizamini, urugero rurambuye (akenshi na 50% cyangwa 100%) kandi rugakonjeshwa muri leta ndende. Icyitegererezo kirekurwa, icyo gihe ubushyuhe bwazamutse ku gipimo cyagenwe cyo gupima isubirana ryikigereranyo, uburebure bwo kugabanuka bupimwa kandi kurambura byandikwa. Ubushyuhe urugero rugabanukaho 10%, 30%, 50%, na 70% mubisanzwe ni TR10, TR30, TR50, na TR70. TR10 ijyanye n'ubushyuhe bukabije; TR70 ijyanye no guhindura burundu ingero mukugabanuka k'ubushyuhe buke; kandi itandukaniro riri hagati ya TR10 na TR70 rikoreshwa mugupima kristalisiti yikigereranyo (uko itandukaniro rinini, niko bigenda byoroha).
6. Ubushyuhe Buke bwo Guhagarika Stress Kuruhuka (CSR)
Ikizamini cya CSR kirashobora gukoreshwa muguhishurira imikorere nubuzima bwibikoresho bifunze. Iyo uruganda rwa elastomeric ruhawe ihinduka rihoraho, imbaraga zishyizwe hamwe, kandi ubushobozi bwibikoresho byo gukomeza izo mbaraga mubidukikije runaka bipima ubushobozi bwo gufunga. Byombi uburyo bwumubiri nubumashini bigira uruhare mukuruhura imihangayiko, ukurikije igihe nubushyuhe, ikintu kimwe kiziganje, kuruhuka kumubiri kugaragara kubushyuhe buke, ako kanya nyuma yimpungenge yatanzwe, biganisha ku guhinduranya urunigi no guhindura ibintu hejuru ya reberi-yuzuza kandi yuzuza ibintu, kandi kuruhuka kwa sisitemu yo gukuraho imihangayiko birashoboka. Ku bushyuhe bwinshi, ibigize imiti bigena igipimo cyo kuruhuka, mugihe ibikorwa byumubiri bimaze kuba bito kandi kuruhuka kwimiti ntigusubira inyuma, biganisha kumeneka no guhuza ibitekerezo. Ubushyuhe bwo gusiganwa ku magare cyangwa kwiyongera gutunguranye kwubushuhe birashobora kugira ingaruka mukuruhura imihangayiko muri elastomers. Mugihe cya CSR, ikizamini cyikigereranyo gishyirwa
Mugihe cyo kwipimisha CSR, kuruhuka guhangayitse byiyongera mugihe ikizamini cyakorewe ubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Niba guhagarika umutima bibaye hakiri kare mu kizamini, ubwinshi bwo kuruhuka bwiyongera mbere kandi bufite agaciro ntarengwa mugihe cyambere. Mu gice kinini cyipimisha kugirango gitange urugero rwa gaze (diameter 19mm yo hanze, diametre yimbere ya 15mm), hamwe nibikoresho bya elastike bizashyirwa kumurongo kugeza kubushyuhe bwicyumba cyabo cyubushyuhe bwa 25%, naho kuri 25 ℃ mucyumba cy’ibizamini by’ibidukikije, ubushyuhe bwa 25 ℃ kugira ngo bugumane 24h, hanyuma bikamanuke kugeza kuri -20 ℃, bikomeze ku bushyuhe buri hagati ya -20 ~ 110 110 kwiyemeza. Gupima imbaraga bikorwa ubudahwema mugihe cyibizamini ku bushyuhe bwikizamini.
7. Ingaruka zibirimo Ethylene
7.1 Ibigize Ethylene bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere yubushyuhe buke bwa polymers ya EPDM. Polimeri ifite Ethylene iri hagati ya 48% na 72% yasuzumwe hifashishijwe kashe nziza. Byose bigamije kugabanya itandukaniro mubyerekezo bya mooney mugutangiza ENB muri izi polymers zitandukanye.
EPDM reberi ni amorphous niba igipimo cya Ethylene / propylene kingana kandi ikwirakwizwa rya monomers ebyiri mumurongo wa polymer ntirisanzwe. EPDM ifite 48% na 54% bya Ethylene ntabwo ibika hejuru yubushyuhe bwicyumba cyangwa hejuru. Iyo ibirimo Ethylene bigeze kuri 65%, urutonde rwa Ethylene rutangira kwiyongera mu mubare no mu burebure kandi rushobora gukora kristu, ibyo bikaba bigaragara mu mpinga ya kristu yo hejuru ku murongo wa DSC hafi 40 ° C. Ninini ya DSC nini, nini nini ya kristu ikora.
7.2 Usibye ingaruka ziterwa na Ethylene kumiterere yubushyuhe buke bwaganiriweho nyuma, ingano ya kristalite igira ingaruka kubworoshye bwo kuvanga no gutunganya ibice birimo kristu. Ingano nini ya kristallite, niko ubushyuhe bwinshi nogukora akazi bisabwa murwego rwo kuvanga kugirango uhuze byimazeyo polymer nibindi bice. Imbaraga za reberi mbisi za EPDM ziyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa Ethylene. Mugushiraho ikimenyetso aho hapimwe ingaruka yibintu bya Ethylene, kwiyongera kwa Ethylene kuva kuri 50% kugeza kuri 68% byatumye byibura kwiyongera inshuro enye imbaraga za reberi. Icyumba-ubushyuhe bukabije nabwo bwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa Ethylene. Inkombe Ubukomezi bwa amorphous polymer yometse kuri 63 °, mugihe Inkombe Ubukomezi bwa polymer bufite etilene nyinshi ni 79 °. Ibi biterwa no kwiyongera kwa gahunda ya Ethylene, kwiyongera kwa kristalisiti mu gufatira hamwe, no kwiyongera gukwiranye na polimoplastique.
7.3.
7.4 Kwiyunvira gushiraho ahanini biterwa nubushyuhe bwikizamini. Niba igeragezwa kuri 175 ° C, nta tandukaniro riri muri compression yashyizweho hagati ya polimeri iyo ari yo yose (gushiraho biterwa nigishushanyo mbonera hamwe no guhitamo sisitemu yo kurunga). Nyuma yo gushonga kristu ya Ethylene, polymer yerekana amorphous, kandi kugirango harebwe ingaruka zibigize Ethylene, ibizamini byakorewe kuri 23 ° C. Polimeri ifite ibinyabuzima byinshi bya Ethylene biragaragara ko ifite ihinduka rihoraho (rirenze inshuro ebyiri), kandi ingaruka yibigize Ethylene niyo nini iyo igeragejwe kuri -20 ° C na -40 ° C. Polimeri ifite ibice birenga 60% bya Ethylene bifite ihindagurika rihoraho (> 80%); kuri -40 ° C, gusa polimeri yuzuye ya amorphous ifite ihinduka ridahoraho (17%).
7.5 Ingaruka yibigize Ethylene Kubushyuhe Buke Buke bwa Gehman. Urebye ubushyuhe, hejuru cyane inguni, niko kwiyongera gukomera (cyangwa kwiyongera muri modulus). Ku bushyuhe buke, modulus yo gukomera yiyongera cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwa Ethylene. Kuri polimeri ya amorphous, T2 ni -47 ° C, mugihe polymer yo hejuru ya Ethylene ifite T2 ya -16 ° C.
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Ibi birasa nikizamini cya Gehman. Kugabanuka (%) bya polymers zitandukanye biratandukanye nkigikorwa cyubushyuhe, hamwe na amorphous polymers ifite kugabanuka gukabije kurwego rwo hasi; icyakora, nkuko byahanuwe, gukira kwangirika uko ibinyabuzima bya Ethylene byiyongera ku bushyuhe runaka.
gukira kwangirika. Agaciro ka TR10 karatandukanye kuva -53 ° C kuri amorphous polymers kugeza kuri -28 ° C kuri polymers irimo etilene nyinshi.
7.7 Inzira yo guhagarika umutima (CSR)
Ukuzenguruka. Kanda ibice, ubemerera kuruhuka kuri 25 ° C kuri 24 h, hanyuma ubishyire mubizunguruka byubushyuhe buri hagati ya -20 ° C na 110 ° C mugihe kimwe na 24 h. Iyo ihagaritswe bwa mbere, nyuma yigihe cyo kuringaniza, polymer E ya kristaline E ifite igihombo kinini cyumubyigano ugereranije na polymer amorphous, kandi iyo igabanutse kugeza kuri -20 ° C imbaraga zifunga za polimeri zombi ziragabanuka, mugihe polymer amorphous A ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo guhangayika (F / F0). Gushyushya ibice kugeza kuri 110 ° C byagaruye imbaraga zabyo, kandi iyo bigaruwe kugeza kuri -20 ° C, imbaraga zisigaye zifunga kristaline polymer ntizari munsi ya 20% byagaciro kazo, ubusanzwe zifatwa nkizikabije kubisabwa byinshi, hamwe na polymer amorphous yagumanye hejuru ya 50% yingufu zayo zifunga, kandi polymer amorphous yongeye kugira gukira cyane kurenza polymer. Inzira ikurikiraho yatanze imyanzuro isa. Biragaragara ko amorphous polymers isumba kashe ya progaramu aho hakenewe ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kandi buke.
8. Ingaruka zibirimo Diolefin
Kugirango utange ingingo idahagije isabwa mubirunga, diolefine idahuye nka ENB, HX na DCPD yongewe kuri polymeri ya Ethylene propylene. Umubano umwe wikubye kabiri muri materix ya polymer, mugihe icya kabiri gikora nkicyuzuzanya cyumunyururu wa molekuline kandi gitanga ingingo yibirunga bya sulfuru yumuhondo. Ingaruka ya ENB yasuzumwe mumirasire yumuyaga (imvura). Polimeri zirimo 2%, 6% na 8% ENB zagereranijwe. Kwiyongera kwa ENB byagize ingaruka zikomeye kubiranga ibirunga hamwe nubucucike. Modulus yariyongereye mugihe kurambura byagabanutse cyane. Ubukomezi bwarushijeho kwiyongera no guhunika byateye imbere mugihe cy'ubushyuhe. Mugihe ibirimo bya ENB byiyongera, igihe cyo kwishyuza kiba kigufi.
ENB ni ibikoresho bya amorphous, kandi iyo byongewe kumugongo wa polymer, bihagarika korohereza kristalisation igice cya Ethylene ya polymer, kugirango polymers ifite ibinyabuzima bimwe bya etilene irashobora kuboneka, kandi nibiri hejuru ya ENB bitezimbere ubushyuhe buke. Ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, ibirimo byinshi bya ENB bitezimbere gato compression yashizweho kubera ubwinshi bwambukiranya imipaka. Nyamara, ku bushyuhe buke, compression yashyizweho ya polymers ifite ibintu byinshi bya ENB nibyiza cyane kurenza ibya polymers bifite 2% bya ENB. Ingaruka yibirimo bya ENB kubushyuhe bwubushyuhe, kugabanuka kwubushyuhe, hamwe nikizamini cya Gehman nticyerekanye itandukaniro rinini mubushyuhe bwubushyuhe buri hagati ya polymers muri rusange, naho kubizamini bya Gehman hamwe nikizamini cya TR, buri polymer yerekanye iterambere ryimiterere yubushyuhe buke hamwe no kwiyongera kwa ENB.
9. Ingaruka ya mooney Viscosity kumiterere yubushyuhe buke
Birazwi neza ko ubukonje bwa mooney (misile ya molekulari) bugira ingaruka zikomeye kumyitwarire yo gutunganya elastomers. Mugusohora no gushushanya porogaramu Mugukuramo no kubumba porogaramu, ni ngombwa guhitamo ibice bifite agaciro keza ka Mooney. Ukoresheje formulaire imwe yakoreshejwe mugushakisha ingaruka za monomer wa gatatu, ENB, kumiterere yubushyuhe buke kugirango isuzume ubukonje bwa Mooney, polymers zifite ubukonje bwa Mooney bwa 30, 60, na 80 zagereranijwe, kandi ubwiza bwa Mooney bwibintu byiyongereye uko ubwiza bwa Mooney bwa polymers bwakoreshejwe bwiyongera. Imbaraga zingana, modulus, nimbaraga za reberi mbisi ziyongereye hamwe no kwiyongera kwa Mooney. Ingaruka yubukonje bwa Mooney kumiterere yubushyuhe buke bwa EPDM ntabwo yari ikomeye. Nyamara, compression ihindagurika ihoraho mubushyuhe bwicyumba, -20 ° C na -40 ° C yiyongera hamwe nubwiyongere bwa molekile. Nyamara, kwikuramo byashyizwe ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, -20 ° C na -40 ° C ntabwo byahindutse cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwa molekile, mu gihe kwikuramo byashyizwe ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru (175 ° C) byagaragaje impinduka zimwe na zimwe z’imisozi miremire y’ibiti bya EPDM.
10. Umwanzuro
Ibigize Ethylene na diolefin bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere ya elastomers ya EPDM mubushuhe buke, hamwe na polymers ifite etilene nkeya ikora neza hamwe na polymer zifite diolefine nyinshi zitezimbere bitewe no guhagarika kristalisation ya etylene ya polymer. Polimeri nkeya ya Ethylene igomba gukoreshwa mugihe ubushyuhe buke ari imbogamizi.
