N'adịghị ka thermoplastics, a na-ejikarị elastomer eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na nke dị elu karịa okpomọkụ mgbanwe iko ha (Tg). Uru nke elastomers n'elu thermoplastics bụ ikike ha na-agbake ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpam kpam site na steeti tensile (elu elasticity), yana ngbanwe ha n'ozuzu ya, ike siri ike na njirimara modulus dị ala. Mgbe a na-eji elastomers mee ihe n'okpuru okpomọkụ ụlọ, ha na-egosi mmụba nke ike ike, mmụba nke modul, na mbelata nke nkwụ. Mgbe a na-eji elastomers n'okpuru okpomọkụ nke ụlọ, a na-enwe ọchịchọ maka ịdị ike na-abawanye, modul na-abawanye, elasticity ibelata (obere tensile) na mkpakọ ga-abawanye. Dabere na nsogbu dị na elastomer, ihe abụọ nwere ike ime n'otu oge - iko siri ike na akụkụ crystallization - CR, EPDM, NR bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke elastomer na-egosipụta crystallization.
1. Nleba anya nke ule okpomọkụ dị ala
Nri, mkpakọ na-adịgide adịgide deformation, retraction, hardening na cryogenic hardening ejirila ọtụtụ afọ iji mara ihe onwunwe polymer na obere okpomọkụ. Ntụrụndụ nrụgide nrụgide dị ọhụrụ ma na-elekwasị anya n'ịchọpụta ike akara nke ihe n'ime oge n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche.
2. Okpomọkụ na-emebi emebi
ASTM D 2137 na-akọwa okpomọkụ brittleness dị ka okpomọkụ kachasị dị ala nke rọba vulcanized agaghị egosi mgbaji ma ọ bụ mgbawa n'okpuru ọnọdụ mmetụta akọwapụtara. A na-akwado ụdị rubber ise nke edozila mbụ, tinye ya n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri, na-edozi ọnọdụ okpomọkụ maka 3 ± 0.5min, wee nye mmetụta ọsọ ọsọ nke 2.0 ± 0.2m / s. A na-ewepụ ihe nlele ahụ ma tinye ya na mmetụta ma ọ bụ nyocha mgbawa. A na-ewepụ ihe atụ ahụ ma nwalee maka mmetụta ma ọ bụ mgbaji, niile na-enweghị mmebi. Emeghachiri ule ahụ ruo n'ọkụ na-agbaji agbaji - okpomọkụ kachasị ala nke enweghị mgbaji ahụ dị nso na 1 Celsius.
3. Ntọala mkpakọ dị ala na obere okpomọkụ ike ike
Usoro ule maka obere okpomọkụ mkpakọ set dị nnọọ nso na maka ọkọlọtọ mkpakọ set, ma e wezụga na okpomọkụ na-achịkwa ụfọdụ ike usoro, dị ka akọrọ ice, mmiri mmiri nitrogen, ma ọ bụ n'ibu ụzọ, na uru bụ n'ime ± 1 ° C nke preset okpomọkụ. Mgbe agbakechara site na nrụnye ahụ, a na-etinyekwa ihe atụ ahụ na preset dị ala ma kpụzie ya na dayameta nke 29 mm na ọkpụrụkpụ nke 12.5 mm. Ntọala mkpakọ dị ala bụ usoro na-apụtaghị ìhè maka akara ngwa nke ogige a na-ajụ. Ntụrụndụ nrụgide nrụgide bụ ụzọ kpọmkwem a ga-atụle ma emechaa. A na-ekpebikwa ike siri ike nke ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị ala site na iji ụdị mkpakọ vulcanized (29mm x 12.5mm), mana nwaleghachi ya na njikwa okpomọkụ dị ala, nke bụ otu ihe ahụ maka ntọala mkpakọ, wee ọzọ n'otu ọnọdụ ahụ dị ka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ha setịpụrụ. Hardening na ala-okpomọkụ mkpakọ set na-mmetụta ozugbo jụrụ, kamakwa site na ọchịchọ nke polymer ka crystallize, na ọnụego nke crystallization dabere na okpomọkụ, eg, CR crystallizes ngwa ngwa gburugburu -10 Celsius C, na mgbe ahụ na-ebelata na ala okpomọkụ, tumadi n'ihi immobility nke polymer yinye agba (na molekụla chains ifriizi tupu).
4. Gehman Obere okpomọkụ ike ike
ASTM D 1053 na-akọwa usoro siri ike nke obere okpomọkụ dị ka ndị a: a na-ejikọta usoro ihe nrịbama polymer nke na-agbanwe agbanwe na waya nke nwere ihe mgbagwoju anya mara amara, na njedebe nke ọzọ nke waya ahụ na-ejikọta ya na isi ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke nwere ike ikwe ka ọ gbanwee waya. A na-emikpu ihe atụ ahụ n'ime ebe a na-ebufe ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru nkịtị, n'oge a na-atụgharị isi nke torsion site na 180 Celsius, mgbe ahụ, a na-atụgharị ihe atụ ahụ site na ego (ihe na-erughị 180 Celsius) nke dabere na ntụgharị nke mgbanwe na nkwụsi ike nke ihe atụ. Mgbe ahụ jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ nke goniometer chọpụta ọnụọgụ ihe atụ, akụkụ nke mgbagwoju anya na ike nke ihe rọba. A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amụba okpomọkụ nke usoro ahụ n'oge a, a na-enwetakwa ibé nke akụkụ nke ntụgharị megide okpomọkụ. A na-edekọkarị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke modul erute T2, T10 na T100 ka ha nhata uru modulus na okpomọkụ ụlọ.
5. Nleghachi azụ dị ala (Nnwale TR)
A na-eji ule TR iji nyochaa ike nke ihe nlere na steeti tensile mgbe nrụrụ na-adịgide adịgide na-adịgide adịgide na nhụsianya nrụgide nke nrụgide mkpakọ kpebiri na-eji iji chọpụta mmetụta okpomọkụ dị ala. Dị ka ekpuchiri ya na mbụ, ọtụtụ polymers dị ka NR na PVC ga-egbuke egbuke na okpomọkụ dị ala, ma ịgbatị nwekwara ike ịchacha, na-eduga n'ihe ndị ọzọ mgbe ị na-ele ihe onwunwe dị ala. Maka ngwa nleba anya dị ka nkwusioru nkwusioru, TR n'okpuru esemokwu dị ezigbo mma ma na-ejikarị ya. N'ime ule a, a na-agbatị ihe nlele ahụ (na-abụkarị 50% ma ọ bụ 100%) na oyi kpọnwụrụ na elongated steeti. A na-ewepụta ihe atụ ahụ, mgbe a na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ siri ike iji tụọ mgbake nke ihe atụ ahụ, a na-atụle ogologo nke shrinkage ma dekọọ elongation. A na-achọpụtakarị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke ihe nlere anya site na 10%, 30%, 50% na 70% dị ka TR10, TR30, TR50, na TR70. TR10 na-emetụta okpomọkụ nke brittleness; TR70 metụtara nrụrụ na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe atụ na mkpakọ obere okpomọkụ; na ihe dị iche n'etiti TR10 na TR70 na-eji tụọ crystallization nke ihe atụ (nke ukwuu dị iche iche, ukwuu na ọchịchọ crystallize).
6 . Ntụrụndụ nrụgide nrụgide dị ala (CSR)
Enwere ike iji ule CSR mee amụma gbasara arụmọrụ na ndụ nke ihe mkpuchi. Mgbe a na-enye ngwongwo elastomeric na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe niile, a na-emepụta ike jikọtara ya, na ike nke ihe onwunwe iji nọgide na-enwe ike a n'ime ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme ka ikike ya mechie. Usoro abụọ nke anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal na-enye aka na ntụrụndụ nke nrụgide, dabere na oge na okpomọkụ, otu ihe ga-achịkwa, a na-ahụ ntụrụndụ anụ ahụ na obere okpomọkụ, ozugbo a na-enye nrụgide, nke na-eduga n'ịhazigharị agbụ na mgbanwe na roba-filler na filler-filler surfaces, na ntụrụndụ nke usoro nkwụsị nke nrụgide na-agbanwe agbanwe. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị elu, ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ na-ekpebi ọnụego nke ntụrụndụ, mgbe usoro anụ ahụ adịlarị obere na ntụrụndụ kemịkalụ enweghị ike ịgbagha, na-eduga n'ịgbaji agbụ na mmeghachi omume njikọ. Ịnya igwe okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ mmụba na mberede na okpomọkụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ntụrụndụ nrụgide na elastomers. N'oge ule CSR, a na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ
N'oge ule CSR, izu ike na-abawanye mgbe ihe nlere ule na-edobe okpomọkụ dị elu. Ọ bụrụ na ntụrụndụ nrụgide na-amalite n'isi ule ahụ, ọnụọgụ ntụrụndụ ndị ọzọ na-abawanye na mbụ ma nwee uru kachasị elu n'oge okirikiri nke mbụ. Na a tensile nnukwu ule ibe na-emepụta gasket samples (19mm mpụta dayameta, n'ime dayameta nke 15mm), na ihe na-agbanwe fixture ga-abịakọrọ ka ụdị n'ime ụlọ ha okpomọkụ ọkpụrụkpụ nke 25%, na na 25 ℃ n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi ule ụlọ, okpomọkụ na 25 ℃ ịnọgide na-enwe 24h, na mgbe ahụ, nọgide na-enwe 24h, na mgbe ahụ ruo 25 ℃. n'etiti -20 ~ 110 ℃ okirikiri nke 24h, dum ule oge na ule okpomọkụ, ule okpomọkụ, na-aga n'ihu ike mkpebi siri ike. A na-eme nha ike na-aga n'ihu n'oge ule niile na okpomọkụ ule.
7. Mmetụta nke ọdịnaya Ethylene
7.1 Ọdịnaya Ethylene nwere mmetụta kachasị na arụmọrụ dị ala nke EPDM polymers. A na-enyocha polymers nwere ọdịnaya Ethylene sitere na 48% ruo 72% n'okpuru usoro mkpuchi dị elu. Ebumnuche niile bụ ibelata mgbanwe dị na viscosity Mooney site na iwebata ENB na polymers ndị a dị iche iche.
EPDM roba bụ amorphous ma ọ bụrụ na ethylene/propylene ruru hà na nkesa nke monomers abụọ na polymer yinye bụ random. EPDM nwere 48% na 54% ethylene ọdịnaya adịghị kristal na ma ọ bụ karịa ụlọ okpomọkụ. Mgbe ọdịnaya ethylene ruru 65%, usoro ethylene na-amalite ịba ụba n'ọnụọgụ na ogologo ma nwee ike ịmepụta kristal, nke a na-ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kristal dị na akụkụ DSC gburugburu 40 ° C. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ DSC buru ibu, ka kristal na-etolite buru ibu.
7.2 Na mgbakwunye na mmetụta nke ethylene ọdịnaya na ala okpomọkụ Njirimara atụle mgbe e mesịrị, crystallite size na-emetụta mfe ịgwakọta na nhazi nke ogige nwere kristal. N'ịbawanye nha kristal, otú ahụ ka a na-achọkwu ọkụ na ịkwanye ọrụ n'oge ngwakọta iji jikọta polymer na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ike rọba raw nke ogige EPDM na-abawanye na ọdịnaya ethylene na-abawanye. N'ụdị akara akara ebe a tụrụ mmetụta nke ọdịnaya ethylene, mmụba nke ọdịnaya ethylene sitere na 50% ruo 68% mere ka ọ dịkarịa ala okpukpu anọ na-abawanye ike nke rọba. Isi ike nke ụlọ-okpomọkụ na-abawanye na ọdịnaya ethylene na-abawanye. The Shore A siri ike nke amorphous polymer nrapado bụ 63°, ebe Shore A siri ike nke polima nwere ethylene ọdịnaya kasị elu bụ 79°. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmụba nke usoro ethylene, mmụba nke crystallization na nrapado, na mmụba kwekọrọ na polymers thermoplastic.
7.3 Mgbe a na-atụle ike siri ike na okpomọkụ dị ala, n'ụzọ dị iche na ndị polymers nwere ọdịnaya ethylene dị elu, ndị amorphous polymers na-egosi obere mgbanwe na ike siri ike, ebe mgbanwe nke siri ike nke ọdịnaya ethylene dị elu adịghị egosi usoro linear na ike siri ike na-anọgide na-adị elu na ọnụ ụlọ okpomọkụ, nke mere na polymers nwere ọdịnaya ethylene dị elu na-anọgide na-enwe ike siri ike na obere okpomọkụ.
7.4 Ntọala mkpakọ na-adaberekarị na okpomọkụ ule. Ọ bụrụ na a nwalere na 175 Celsius, ọ dịghị ihe dị iche na mkpakọ setịpụrụ n'etiti ihe ọ bụla polymers (set na-emetụta nhazi nke ogige na nhọrọ nke vulcanization usoro). Mgbe agbaze nke kristal ethylene, polymer na-egosipụta ụdị amorphous, na iji nyochaa mmetụta nke ọdịnaya ethylene, a na-eme ule na 23 Celsius. Ndị polymer nwere ọdịnaya ethylene dị elu nwere nrụrụ dị elu na-adịgide adịgide (karịa okpukpu abụọ), na mmetụta nke ọdịnaya ethylene na-akawanye njọ mgbe a na-anwale ya na -20 ° C na -40 ° C. Polymers nwere ihe karịrị 60% ethylene ọdịnaya nwere nnukwu nrụrụ na-adịgide adịgide (> 80%); na -40 Celsius, naanị ndị polymer amorphous zuru oke nwere nrụrụ na-adịgide adịgide dị ala (17%).
7.5 Mmetụta nke Ọdịnaya Ethylene na nkwụsi ike dị ala site na ule Gehman. Nyere ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, nke dị elu nkuku, na-ebelata mmụba nke isi ike (ma ọ bụ mmụba na modulus). Na obere okpomọkụ, modul nke isi ike na-abawanye nke ukwuu site na ịba ụba ethylene. Maka polymer amorphous, T2 bụ -47 Celsius C, ebe ọnyà ọdịnaya ethylene kacha elu nwere T2 nke naanị -16 Celsius.
7.6TR N'ịleta mgbake nke ihe nlere anya mgbe ndọtị ahụ kwụsịrị, ọdịnaya ethylene nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na usoro nnwale ahụ, nke ọzọ yiri nnwale Gehman.
Nke a yiri ule Gehman. Mbelata (%) nke polymers dị iche iche dịgasị iche iche dị ka ọrụ nke okpomọkụ, na amorphous polymers nwere mgbake kachasị elu na okpomọkụ dị ala; Otú ọ dị, dị ka e buru n'amụma, mgbake na-akawanye njọ ka ọdịnaya ethylene na-abawanye na okpomọkụ e nyere.
mgbake na-akawanye njọ. Uru nke TR10 dị iche site na -53 ° C maka polymers amorphous ruo -28 ° C maka polymers nwere ọdịnaya ethylene dị elu.
7.7 okirikiri ntụrụndụ nrụgide nrụgide (CSR).
okirikiri. Kwakọba ogige ndị ahụ, hapụ ha ka ha zuru ike na 25 ° C maka awa 24, wee tinye ha na okirikiri okpomọkụ sitere na -20 ° C ruo 110 Celsius C na-egbu oge maka awa 24. Mgbe a na-ejikọta ya maka oge mbụ, mgbe oge nhazi ahụ gasịrị, polymer crystalline E na-enwe mmetụta dị elu nke nrụgide karịa polymer amorphous, na mgbe a na-agbadata na -20 Celsius C ike mkpuchi nke polymers abụọ ahụ na-ebelata, ebe polymer amorphous A nwere nnukwu njigide nrụgide (nke dị elu F / F0). Ịkụnye onyinye ahụ na 110 ° C weghachiri ike akara ya, na mgbe eweghachiri ya na -20 ° C, ike mkpuchi nke fọdụrụnụ nke polymer kristal bụ ihe na-erughị 20% nke uru ya, nke a na-ewerekarị na ọ dị ala maka ọtụtụ ngwa, na polymer amorphous na-ejigide ihe karịrị 50% nke akara akara ya, na polymer amorphous ọzọ na-enweta mgbake dị elu karịa polymerline. Usoro na-esote wetara nkwubi okwu yiri nke ahụ. O doro anya na amorphous polymers dị elu maka ịmechi ngwa ngwa ebe a chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ dị elu na nke dị ala.
8. Mmetụta nke ọdịnaya Diolefin
Iji nye ebe a na-ejughị afọ achọrọ maka vulcanization, a na-agbakwunye diolefin na-abụghị conjugated dị ka ENB, HX na DCPD na ethylene propylene polymers. Otu njikọ abụọ na-emeghachi omume na matrix polymer, ebe nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nkwado na yinye molekụla polymerized ma na-enye ebe vulcanization maka sọlfọ odo vulcanization. A tụlere mmetụta ENB na profaịlụ mmanya windshield (mmiri). A na-atụnyere polymers nwere 2%, 6% na 8% ENB. Mgbakwunye ENB nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na njirimara vulcanization na njupụta crosslink. Modul mụbara ebe elongation belatara nke ukwuu. Isi ike mụbara na nhazi mkpakọ na-akawanye mma n'oge oke okpomọkụ. Ka ọdịnaya ENB na-abawanye, oge ịchaji na-adị mkpụmkpụ.
ENB bụ ihe amorphous, mgbe agbakwunyere ya na ọkpụkpụ azụ nke polymer, ọ na-akpaghasị kristal nke akụkụ ethylene nke polymer, ka e wee nweta polymers nwere otu ọdịnaya ethylene, na ọdịnaya dị elu nke ENB na-eme ka ihe ndị dị ala dị ala. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụlọ, ọdịnaya ENB dị elu na-eme ka nchịkọta nchịkọta dịkwuo mma n'ihi njupụta crosslink dị mma. Otú ọ dị, na obere okpomọkụ, nchịkọta mkpakọ nke polymers nwere ọdịnaya ENB dị elu dị mma karịa nke polymers nwere 2% ENB ọdịnaya. Mmetụta nke ọdịnaya ENB na okpomọkụ na-egbuke egbuke, nkwụsịtụ okpomọkụ, na ule Gehman egosighi ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na okpomọkụ nke brittleness dị n'etiti polymers n'ozuzu ya, na maka ule Gehman na ule TR, onye ọ bụla polymer gosipụtara ọganihu na ihe ndị dị ala na-ekpo ọkụ na-abawanye ọdịnaya ENB.
9. Mmetụta nke money viscosity na Njirimara Okpomọkụ dị ala
A maara nke ọma na mooney viscosity (molecular mass) nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na omume nhazi nke elastomers. Na extrusion na ịkpụzi ngwa na extrusion na ịkpụzi ngwa, ọ dị mkpa ka họrọ a compound na kwesịrị ekwesị Mooney viscosity uru. N'iji otu usoro eji eme ihe iji nyochaa mmetụta nke monomer nke atọ, ENB, na ihe ndị dị ala na-ekpo ọkụ iji nyochaa Mooney viscosity, polymers na Mooney viscosities nke 30, 60, na 80 tụnyere, na Mooney viscosity nke ogige mụbara ka Mooney viscosity nke polymers na-abawanye. Ike tensile, modulus na ike rọba raw na-abawanye site na viscosity Mooney na-abawanye. Mmetụta nke Mooney viscosity na njirimara okpomọkụ dị ala nke EPDM abaghị uru. Otú ọ dị, mkpakọ na-adịgide adịgide nrụrụ na ụlọ okpomọkụ, -20°C na -40°C na-abawanye na-amụba uka molekụla. Otú ọ dị, mkpakọ e debere na ụlọ okpomọkụ, -20 ° C na -40 ° C agbanweghị nke ọma site n'ịba ụba molecular mass, ebe mkpakọ setịpụrụ na okpomọkụ dị elu (175 ° C) gosipụtara mgbanwe ụfọdụ maka viscosities Mooney dị elu nke adhesives EPDM.
10. Nkwubi okwu
Ọdịnaya ethylene na diolefin nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na arụmọrụ nke EPDM elastomers na ngwa ngwa dị ala, na polymers nwere ọdịnaya ethylene dị ala na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na polymers nwere ọdịnaya diolefin dị elu na-emeziwanye n'ihi nkwụsịtụ kristal nke akụkụ ethylene nke polymer. Ekwesịrị iji polima ethylene dị ala mee ihe mgbe arụ ọrụ okpomọkụ dị ala bụ njedebe.
