Rubber active agent vulcanizing active agent tia hriat bawk. Vulcanization accelerator active tir nana hman thin inorganic emaw organic emaw thil. Accelerator capacity a ti sang thei a, accelerator a tihtlem thei a, vulcanization hun pawh a ti tawi thei bawk. Inorganic additives tam zawk hi metal oxide, hydroxide leh basic carbonates, zinc oxide, lead oxide, calcium hydroxide, lead carbonate, etc. te an ni a, organic additives-a thil pawimawh ber chu fatty acids a ni a, a dawttuah hian amines, sahbawn, etc. Stearic acid, dibutyloleic acid amine, zinc stearate, etc. The general dosage is less than Rubber rit zawng atanga 5% a ni.

Rubber Additives: A nihna chipchiar tak, a thatna leh a hman dan

1. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) a awm bawk.

Thil neih:

• Powder dum, rimtui lo tak, specific gravity sang tak (5.6 g/cm3) nei.

• A hmin theihna hmun: 1,975°C; refractive index chu 2.008–2.029 a ni.

• Vulcanization activator angin reactivity sang tak a nei.

• UV-blocking leh antimicrobial property a nei bawk.

A thatna:

• Sulfur vulcanization a ti chak (curing time 20–30% a tihtlem).

• Mechanical property a ti tha (tensile strength +15–25%, elongation at break +10–15%).

• Food-contact application atan FDA-in a pawm (21 CFR 172.480).

• Environment tichhe lo (toxic lo, recyclable) a ni.

Dilna: 1.1.

• Tires: Steel-belted radial tire ruang (rubber leh steel inkara adhesion a tichak).

• Kekawrte: Outsole compounds (abrasion resistance a ti tha a, ASTM D5963: 50–80 mm3 hloh).

• Damdawi lam: Surgery gloves (antimicrobial laka invenna, ASTM E2149).

• Adhesives: Rubber-to-metal bonding (peel chakna 30–40% a tipung).

2. phenolic resin a ni a.

Thil neih:

• Thermosetting polymer a ni a, crosslink density sang tak a nei bawk.

• Heat resistance: 180°C thlenga hman chhunzawm zel (intermittent 250°C).

• Rigidity sang tak (modulus: 2–4 GPa) leh dimensional stability sang tak a nei bawk.

• Acid, base leh solvent te laka chemical laka invenna.

A thatna:

• Structural reinforcement a pe (hardness chu 10–20 Shore A-in a tipung).

• Flame retardant (UL94 V-0 rating halogen additives tel lo) a ni.

• Specialty thermoplastics nena khaikhin chuan a man a to hle.

• Curing system (acid-catalyzed emaw heat-activated emaw) siam theih a ni.

Dilna: 1.1.

• Tyres: Sidewall compound (cut resistance a ti tha a, ASTM D624).

• Industrial Belts: Khaw lumna hmun (eg, cement plant) atana hman tur conveyor belt.

• Friction Materials: Brake pads (200°C hnuaiah 0.35–0.45 ah friction coefficient a vawng reng).

• Foundry: Core sand binders (casting laiin gas evolution a ti tlem).