

ꯔꯕ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯂꯀꯦꯅꯥꯏꯖꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥꯁꯨ ꯈꯉꯅꯩ꯫ ꯚꯂꯀꯦꯅꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯤꯛ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯂꯦꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯄꯥꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯂꯦꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯂꯀꯦꯅꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯇꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯤ ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ, ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯦꯁꯤꯛ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯖꯤꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ, ꯂꯤꯗ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ, ꯀꯦꯂꯁꯤꯌꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ, ꯂꯤꯗ ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ, ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯇꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯗꯤ ꯐꯦꯇꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗꯅꯤ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯃꯤꯅꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁꯥꯄꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ, ꯗꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯤꯂꯣꯂꯦꯏꯛ ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯦꯃꯤꯟ, ꯖꯤꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯔꯦꯜ ꯗꯣꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯅꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯔꯕ꯭ꯕꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯵%꯫
ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯛ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯇꯤ (5.6 g/cm3) ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯧꯕꯥ, ꯃꯍꯤꯛ-ꯃꯇꯥꯏ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯔ꯫
ꯃꯦꯜꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ: ꯱,꯹꯷꯵°C; ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯗꯦꯛꯁ: ꯲.꯰꯰꯸–꯲.꯰꯲꯹ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ꯫
ꯚꯂꯀꯦꯅꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯔꯤꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯤꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ꯫
ꯌꯨ.ꯚꯤ.-ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯛꯔꯣꯕꯤꯌꯥꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯅꯁꯤꯡ꯫
ꯁꯂꯐꯔ ꯚꯂꯀꯦꯅꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯌꯥꯡꯁꯤꯂꯍꯜꯂꯤ (ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ 20–30% ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ)꯫
ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ (ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯥꯏꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯡꯊ +꯱꯵–꯲꯵%, ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯇꯥ ꯏꯂꯣꯡꯁꯟ +꯱꯰–꯱꯵%) ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫
ꯐꯨꯗ-ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯥ (꯲꯱ ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯑꯥꯔ. ꯱꯷꯲.꯴꯸꯰)꯫
ꯑꯦꯅꯚꯥꯏꯔꯅꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯂꯤ (ꯅꯟ-ꯇꯣꯛꯁꯤꯀꯦꯜ, ꯔꯤꯁꯥꯏꯀꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ)꯫
ꯇꯌꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ: ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯜꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯇꯌꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡ (ꯔꯕ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ)꯫
ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯞ: ꯑꯥꯎꯇꯁꯣꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯎꯟꯗꯁꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯕꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ASTM D5963: 50–80 mm3 ꯂꯣꯁ)꯫
ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ: ꯁꯔꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯒ꯭ꯂꯣꯕꯁꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤꯃꯥꯏꯛꯔꯣꯕꯤꯌꯥꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯦꯛꯁꯟ, ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯇꯤ.ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯏ.꯲꯱꯴꯹)꯫
ꯑꯦꯗꯖꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯚꯁꯤꯡ: ꯔꯕ꯭ꯕꯔ-ꯇꯨ-ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯕꯣꯟꯗꯤꯡ (ꯄꯤꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ 30–40% ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ)꯫
ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯗꯦꯟꯁꯤꯇꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯔꯃꯣꯁꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯄꯣꯂꯤꯃꯔ꯫
ꯍꯤꯠ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ: 180°C (ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯃꯤꯇꯦꯟꯇ 250°C) ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ꯫
ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯖꯤꯗꯤꯇꯤ (ꯃꯣꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯂꯁ: 2–4 GPa) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ꯫
ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ, ꯕꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯂꯚꯦꯟꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯃꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ꯫
ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯁꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯄꯤ (ꯍꯥꯔꯗꯅꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ 10–20 ꯁꯣꯔꯣꯛ ꯑꯦ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ)꯫
ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯝ ꯔꯤꯇꯥꯔꯗꯦꯟꯇ (ꯍꯦꯂꯣꯖꯦꯟ ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯇꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯅꯥ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯜ.꯹꯴ ꯚꯤ-꯰ ꯔꯦꯇꯤꯡ)꯫
ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯊꯔꯃꯣꯞꯂꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ꯫
ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨꯔꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ (ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ-ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯤꯠ-ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯤꯚꯦꯇꯦꯗ)꯫
ꯇꯌꯥꯔꯁꯤꯡ: ꯁꯥꯏꯗꯋꯥꯜ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯎꯟꯗꯁꯤꯡ (ꯀꯠꯄꯥ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ASTM D624)꯫
ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯕꯦꯜꯇꯁꯤꯡ: ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯝꯄꯦꯔꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯔꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯁꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ)ꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯟꯚꯦꯌꯔ ꯕꯦꯜꯇꯁꯤꯡ꯫
ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯁꯟ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ: ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯛ ꯄꯦꯗꯁꯤꯡ (200°Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ 0.35–0.45ꯗꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯤꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯑꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ)꯫
ꯐꯥꯎꯟꯗꯔꯤ: ꯀꯣꯔ ꯁꯦꯟꯗ ꯕꯥꯏꯟꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ (ꯀꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯁꯀꯤ ꯏꯚꯣꯜꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ)꯫